The third dredge-up brings helium, carbon, and the s-process products to the surface, increasing the abundance of carbon relative to oxygen in some larger stars this is the process that turns the star into a carbon star. The third dredge-up The third dredge-up occurs after a star enters the asymptotic giant branch, after a flash occurs in a helium-burning shell.This second dredge-up causes an increase in the surface abundance of 4He and 14N, whereas the amount of 12C and 16O decreases.
When helium fusion comes to an end at the core, convection mixes the products of the CNO cycle. The second dredge-up The second dredge-up occurs in stars with 4–8 solar masses.As a result of the convective mixing, the outer atmosphere will display the spectral signature of hydrogen fusion: The 12C/ 13C and C/ N ratios are lowered, and the surface abundances of lithium and beryllium may be reduced. The first dredge-up The first dredge-up occurs when a main-sequence star enters the red-giant branch.Consequently, the fusion products are mixed into the outer layers of the star's atmosphere, where they can be seen in stellar spectra.
By definition, during a dredge-up, a convection zone extends all the way from the star's surface down to the layers of material that have undergone fusion.
A dredge-up is any one of several stages in the evolution of some stars.
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